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Eastern worm snake
The eastern worm snake (''Carphophis amoenus amoenus'') is a subspecies of non-venomous colubrid endemic to the Eastern United States. The species' range extends from southwest Massachusetts, south to southern Alabama, west to Louisiana and north to Illinois.〔Ernst CH, Ernst EM. 2003. ''Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Smithsonian Books. Washington and London. ("''Carphophis amoenus''", pp. 53–56.) ISBN 1588340198〕 This species is common in the ecotone between woodlands and wetlands. It may also be found in grasslands adjacent to woodlands.〔Ernst CH, Barbour RW. (1989) ''Snakes of Eastern North America''. George Mason University Press. Fairfax, Virginia. ("''Carphophis amoenus''", pp. 15–17.) ISBN 0913969249〕 Though this snake can be abundant in parts of its range, it is rarely seen because of its fossorial lifestyle. When not underground, ''C. a. amoenus'' resides mostly under rocks, logs and leaf litter, or burrowed within rotting woody debris.〔
== Description ==
''C. amoenus'' is a small snake. Adults are in total length, with a record length of .〔Conant, Roger (1975) ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America'', 2nd edition. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. ("''Carphophis amoenus''", pp. 174–175, Plate 25, Map 131.) ISBN 0395904528〕 The 13 rows of dorsal scales are smooth and glossy. It has five upper labials and one postocular scale.〔Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982) ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. Golden Press. New York. 240 pp. ("WORM SNAKE", pp. 162–163.)〕 ''C. amoenus'' is unpatterned and can be tan to dark brown in color. It has pinkish ventral pigmentation which extends onto dorsal scale rows one to two. The tail is short in comparison with its body and ends in a spine-like scale.〔 Females are longer than males, but have shorter tails. The head is small, conical and no wider than the neck. The eyes are reduced and black.
''C. amoenus'' can be distinguished from the western worm snake (''Carphophis vermis''), by its less vibrant dorsal and ventral coloration and lack of ventral pigmentation on the third body scale row. Other small, unpatterned brownish snakes which may be confused with ''C. amoenus'', such as earth snakes (genus ''Virginia'') and red-bellied snakes (''Storeria occipitomaculata''), have keeled dorsal scales and lack the spine-tipped tail.〔〔Croshaw DA, Jensen JB, Camp CD, Gibbson W, Elliott MJ (2008) ''Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia''. University of Georgia Press. Athens, Georgia. ("Eastern Worm Snake", pp. 328–329.) ISBN 0820331112〕 The southeastern crowned snake (''Tantilla coronata'') has 15 midbody scale rows, a dark head, and a dark collar.〔
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